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The Joints

bullet The shoulder
bullet The elbow
bullet The wrist
bullet The hip
bullet The knee
bullet The ankle





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    I present you several figures showing different movements that allow our joints. For anatomical figures you click them to open a detailed view. I would like to warn the reader that the nomenclature is not formally verified.


The shoulder.

    The shoulder articulates between the scapula and humerus.

Anterior view of the shoulder joint.
Anterior view of the shoulder joint.

Posterior view of the shoulder joint.
Posterior view of the shoulder joint.


Movements articulated at the level of the shoulder
Movements articulated at the level of the shoulder.

Cross-section of the shoulder joint.
Cross-section of the shoulder joint.

The elbow.

    The elbow joint articulates between the humerus (arm), and the ulna and the radius (forearm).

Movements articulated at the level of the elbow
Movements articulated at the level of the elbow.

Flexion and extension of the arm.
Flexion and extension of the arm.

    The bending of the arm, articulated at the level of the elbow, occurs when the biceps muscle contracts. Since the biceps is attached to both, the arm and forearm, this pulls the forearm toward the arm. But, for the movement to occur, the opposite muscle (antagonist), the triceps needs to relax. To extend the arm, the opposite occurs; it is the triceps that contracts and the biceps that relaxes.


The wrist.

    Hand articulates between the ulna and the radius at one end, and the carpal bones at the other hand.


Movements of the hand
Movements of the hand.

The hip.

    The hip articulates between the bones of the pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis) and the femur.


Movements of the leg at the level of the hip
Movements of the leg at the level of the hip.

The knee.

    The knee is located between the femur at one end, and the tibia and fibula at the other end. The patella is located at the axis of the hinge.


Movements of the knee.
Movements of the knee.

The ankle.

    The ankle is articulated between the tibia and the fibula at one end, and on the tarsal bones at the other end.


Movements of the ankle.
Movements of the ankle.
   
   
 
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